Chichen Itza
Introduction
The city of Chichén Itzá was once a center of culture and religion for the Maya people. Today the ruins of the city are a major archaeological site. They are located on the Yucatán Peninsula in southern Mexico. The city’s name comes partly from two big cenotes, or wells, on the site. Chi means “mouths,” chen means “wells,” and Itzá is the name of one Maya tribe that settled there.
Background
The city was founded in about the 500s ce by Maya people who may have come from the lowlands of the Yucatán. In about 1000 the city was invaded by foreigners. These may have been Mayan-speaking people from central Mexico who were influenced by the Toltec people. The invaders made Chichén Itzá their capital and built many new structures. The city was abandoned sometime after the mid-1200s, though to the Maya it remained a holy place. In the mid-1800s European explorers discovered the site. Since then archaeologists have been working to uncover and study the many remains of Chichén Itzá.
The Site
The main early buildings are in an architectural style known as Puuc. In the Puuc style, buildings were made of limestone. The outside walls often had plain surfaces on the bottom half. On the top half were carvings of geometric patterns and representations of the rain god Chac. These earliest structures include the Chichanchob (“Red House”), the Iglesia (“Church”), the Casa de las Monjas (“Nunnery”), and the observatory El Caracol (“The Snail”). The invaders who came to Chichén Itzá later brought the Toltec style. Their style featured carvings of snakes and skulls, gigantic statues, and peculiar figures called Chac Mools. Instead of the rain god Chac, the later buildings had images of a feathered serpent called Quetzalcóatl (known to the Maya as Kukulcán). This was one of the major gods of ancient Central America. One of the most notable buildings from this period is El Castillo (“The Castle”), a pyramid that rises 79 feet (24 meters) above the Main Plaza. El Castillo has four sides, each with 91 stairs and facing a cardinal direction—north, south, east, and west. Including the step on the top platform, these combine for a total of 365 steps—the number of days in the solar year. On certain days of the year shadows cast by the setting sun give the appearance of a snake moving down the stairways. At the top is a temple to Quetzalcóatl. Other major sites include a ball court that is the largest in Central America, the Colonnade (Thousand Columns), and the Temple of the Warriors.
The Chinese stopped using the wall for protection in the mid-1600s. The wall fell into ruin, but in the 1900s parts of it were rebuilt. The Great Wall was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987.